是什么a Pareto Chart? Definition and Example.

A Pareto chart is one of the most useful tools in quality management and one of theseven basic quality tools。各种工具包括流程图，支票表，因果图（Ishikawa图）,控制图，直方图和散点图。

The Pareto chart is a visual representation of grouped errors in descending order. It’s all about doing less and getting more! It allows us to prioritize and concentrate on a few key issues that impact the project most.

帕累托图

Project managers cannot devote all resources to resolving all the issues that arise during a project. It is simply inefficient and not practical.

他们必须确定经常出现的问题，并且可以用最少的资源解决，同时提供最佳的结果。新万博登录手机版

帕累托分析有助于他们实现这一目标。

帕累托原理（通常称为80/20规则）是帕累托图的基础。

意大利经济学家维尔弗雷多·帕雷托（Vilfredo Pareto）于1896年在洛桑大学工作时，观察到，80％的土地归于意大利20％的人口所有。他创造了“ 80/20原理”一词来描述这种现象。

后来，管理层大师约瑟夫·朱兰（Joseph M. Juran）提高了这一概念，并在维尔弗雷多·帕雷托（Vilfredo Pareto）先生之后被称为“帕累托原则”。

Definition:帕累托原则指出，有80％的问题是由于根本原因的20％。

Understand that the Pareto Principle is a general rule, not an absolute ratio.

The “vital few” are identified using a Pareto chart, which is a histogram that categorizes random observations. These “vital few” components have the most impact on the outcome.

项目经理的时间有限，此工具可以帮助他们优先考虑要重点关注的问题，从而使他们能够解决最少的努力，同时仍能产生最佳成果。帕累托图的功能与优先级图表相似。

Therisk assessment matrixis another tool in风险管理这有助于我们使用其发生的概率和影响的风险优先考虑风险。我们可以将低级风险保持在观察名单上，以专注于高级风险。

Developing risk responses for the top 20% of the risks produces an 80% impact.

This chart has a vertical bar and sometimes a line graph. The vertical bar represents the frequency of defects, and the line represents a cumulative percentage of the defects.

酒吧的高度从左到右下降。左侧的第一个条是最高的，右侧的最后一个条是最低的。

垂直条以优先级的降序显示问题。所有类别中的问题都是相互独立的。在隔离问题之后，我们可以找到最高20％的问题的根本原因，并专注于解决它们的影响80％。

如何确定根本原因

我们可以使用头脑风暴（鱼骨图）确定问题的根本原因，5 Whys techniques， ETC。

I will briefly explain the 5 Whys approach to a root cause.

示例：一位同事来晚上工作。

让我们问他为什么迟到。

The fifth ‘why’ brings the root cause. Cause #5 is the root cause that must be addressed for a lasting solution instead of causes #1-#4.

同样，我们重复5个何时何地确定其他问题的根本原因。

This gives us a list of the root causes of problems. Afterward, we can prioritize these root causes using the 80/20 principle.

The Theory Behind the Pareto Analysis

The Pareto Principle is based on a power law, which states that the likelihood of measuring a value varies inversely with the value’s power. The distribution usually peaks at a specific value. In most cases, the noteworthy items in the distribution make up a small percentage of the overall items in the distribution.

Between 1959 and 1962, the height of males in the United States was measured in cm. Lower and upper values, as well as a peak value, are shown in the distribution. The power law governs this distribution, with the majority of data points falling around a peak value. The majority of men were 180 cm tall at their apex.

上图中的第二个图中描绘了英国高速公路上的汽车的平均速度，约为75 mph。

在世界各地的地震等自然事件中也可以观察到这一点。权力法的趋势不受位置的影响。

We can also observe the spread of the above phenomena in your area.

Similarly, Pareto observed that 80 percent of Italy’s wealth was attributable to only 20 percent of the population. In his distribution, the peak is at 20% of the population, as seen below.

An example power-law graph that shows the ranking of popularity. To the right is the long tail, and to the left are the few that dominate (also known as the 80–20 rule).

The vast majority of people are toward the extreme left, where the peak is, as shown in the power-law graph above. When working with limited resources, a project manager can start with the 20% that yields an 80% result.

帕累托图Examples

• To a sales agent: “The majority of sales come from a handful of customers, so your job is to maximize the critical few.”
• To a healthcare provider: “20% of patients use 80% of healthcare resources.”
• In product backlog prioritization, we focus on 20% of the work that produces 80% of value. Value maximization is our goal.
• 销售分销中的关键客户带来了最高的收入。
• 在一个提供结果的80％的组织中的重要员工。
• 关键业务部门产生了很大一部分结果。这解释了为什么高管专注于20％的SBU，贡献了底线的80％。
• 新万博登录手机版资源不是无限的；因此，我们需要优先考虑关键任务以获得更大的收益。专注于“重要的少数”意味着资源优化。

帕累托图’s Application in Quality Control

质量控制过程确保了项目交付履行质量标准。

我们将研究一个航天器生产的情况。我们将检查航天器印刷电路板中的故障，以查看是否满足监管制造标准。

帕累托图分布如下所示:

As indicated by the Pareto line going across the chart, the top three flaws are soldering, component, and documentation, which account for 80% of all defects.

现在，我们必须提出纠正措施的建议。

Investigate the soldering, component, and documentation processes, find the root causes of the problems and suggestcorrective actions。

在敏捷中的帕累托图表的应用

We perform activities that create business value early in Agile. In Agile, value comes before scope.

According to the Agile manifesto, our top aim is to satisfy customers by delivering valuable software early and often.

产品主与stakeholders优先考虑积压并确定工作。帕累托图用于优先考虑积压。用户故事，要解决的缺陷，为自组织的团队学习，技术债务等都是这项工作的一部分。

The product owner must prioritize the backlog, which is depicted on the task board below.

16个任务已优先为5，接近4：1的帕累托比率。资源将重点放在6个业务价值任务中的2个以进行优化。同样，对于其他固定日期任务，缺陷和学习将获得1个任务以进行优化。

所有16个任务均已优先为5，从而产生最大的影响。

需要优先级的任务

Pareto charts help in tasks prioritization, such as:

• 优先考虑团队和物理资源分配。
• 通过投票确定产品要求的优先级。
• Prioritized product backlog items (user stories).
• 优先考虑项目的资金。
• 个人项目风险的优先级。
• Prioritizing stakeholders for projects with many stakeholders.

Focusing on the important things, including:

• 通过必要的审查和调整不断优先考虑工作。
• Finding and using a prioritization method that works best for the project.
• Differentiating high-level strategic priorities, especially those related to critical success factors for the project.

How to Draw a Pareto Chart

绘制帕累托图的步骤是：

• Select the categories of causes to group the issues.
• 确定措施；例如，频率，成本，时间和等。
• Decide the period to collect the data; for example, one cycle, one day, or one week.
• 收集数据。
• Segregate the data and group it into categories.
• Draw a bar chart with causes on the x-axis and the number of occurrences on the y-axis.
• 在最左边的出现数量最多的情况下绘制标签，并标记该类别。
• Repeat the procedure until we complete all categories.
• 显示最低问题的条将在最右边。

The Pareto chart is ready, and now we can draw a cumulative sum line. The procedure to draw this line is:

• 找到每个类别的百分比。
• 添加第一个和第二个条的百分比，并在第二个栏上放置一个点。
• Add the percentage of the third bar and place a dot at the top of the third bar.
• Continue the process until all bars are covered.
• Connect the dots.
• 现在，绘制了累积总和线。
• Make sure the bar at the far right has a percentage of 100%.

如何使用Microsoft Excel绘制Pareto图表

1. 选择数据，包括标题行
2. Click on Insert on the title bar
3. 在图表面板上，单击插入统计图表
4. 我们会找到直方图和帕累托，选择帕累托

To create a Pareto chart, collect the problems in your process, classify them by type, then create a bar chart for each category. The left side will have the most problems, while the right side will have the least.

We can now examine the factors that are causing the bulk of the difficulties, develop solutions for their core causes, and eliminate the issues from your process.

使用帕累托图

We can use this tool in the following situations:

• 当我们要分析大量数据时。
• When we want to identify the cause of frequently occurring issues.
• 与利益相关者传达数据时。
• When we want to prioritize tasks.
• 当我们想查看数据的相对重要性时。

帕累托图的好处

The following are a few benefits of Pareto analysis:

• 绘制帕累托图很容易。
• It helps us segregate the problems and their causes.
• It helps us focus on solving the few causes generating the most problems.
• It shows us the problems to focus on getting the most significant improvement.
• It helps us visualize problems, so it is an excellent visual communication tool.

Limitations of a Pareto Chart

以下是帕累托分析的一些局限性：

• 帕累托原则是我们在所有情况下都不能应用的经验法则。
• It does not help us find the root cause of the problem; we will need another tool such as root cause analysis.
• If there are many problems, we may need more sub-Pareto charts to segregate, which can sometimes be cumbersome.
• 它显示了问题的频率，而不是严重性。
• It focuses on past data, which might not be significant to current or future scenarios.

了解我们的主要问题及其原因对我们来说可能具有挑战性。我们还可能花费资源来解决对项目影响较小的新万博登录手机版问题。

结论

This is an important tool in quality management and六个西格玛。项目经理使用它来找到最大影响的问题。该图表可帮助项目经理发现对项目产生重大影响的小原因。它帮助项目经理优先考虑影响少数派的工作project objective最多。作为条形图变体，绘制，使用和传达与利益相关者的问题很容易。

帕累托图在您的项目中有什么用？请在评论部分分享您的经验。

从PMP考试的角度来看，这个主题至关重要。