项目管理中的假设和限制

今天，我们将通过查看现实世界的示例来讨论项目假设和约束。

想象一下，您想去一个花费一个小时的购物中心购物。

您假设您将在下午6:00左右离开家，并在晚上7:00到达购物中心。

这是一个假设的一个例子，您认为这是真实的。

那约束呢？

In the shopping example, you can think of two. The first constraint is money. If you have 500 USD in your hand, that’s all you can spend on this shopping trip. The second constraint is the mall’s closing time; let us say it is at 10:30 pm. This means you cannot continue your shopping after that.

Similarly, projects also have assumptions and constraints. You must understand and manage these factors if you want to complete your project successfully.

Let’s dive in.

Project Assumptions and Project Constraints

项目假设和约束在项目开头。在整个项目生命周期中，它们将进行完善和重新分析。项目假设和约束是PMBOK指南中许多过程的关键。manbet最新版

您项目的一个重要方面，假设和约束无法像要求一样管理风险. However, documenting them helps to protect you from future aggravation. You should outline your project’s assumptions and constraints in the project scope statement.

Project Assumptions

一个假设是您认为是真实的。这些是您项目生命周期期间预期的预期事件或情况。您根据自己的经验或手头上可用的信息做出假设。

假设可能不会最终成为真实。实际上，它们有时可能是错误的，可能会对您的项目产生负面影响，从而为项目增加风险。

For example, let us reconsider the earlier example. You assumed it would take one hour for you to reach the destination. What will happen if you are stuck in traffic and can’t reach the mall on time?

你的assumption turned out to be false. Now your shopping is at risk because you don’t have as much time as planned.

This can also happen to your project.

例如，您假设您可以在需要时获得必要的设备。但是，由于短缺或供应链问题，您无法理解它。

Now you are in a difficult situation.

假设在开发一个risk management plan. Therefore, as a project manager, you must analyze each assumption and predict its impact.

项目假设示例

• You will get all the resources you need.
• 在雨季，将提供廉价的劳动力。
• All relevant利益相关者将参加下一次会议。
• 您的团队成员具有所有必要的技能。
• All equipment is in good condition.
• 供应商将按时交付消耗品。

你可以看到,如果any of the assumptions above turn out differently, your project will be radically affected.

Project Constraints

项目的约束limitations imposed on the project, like the budget, schedule, or resources.

The PMBOK Guide识别六个项目限制：范围，质量，时间表，预算，资源和风险。新万博登录手机版在这六个中，范围，时间表和预算被称为三重约束。

These constraints are defined at the beginning of your project, and you must work within their boundaries.

A constraint can be of two types:

1. Business Constraints
2. Technical Constraints

Business Constraints

业务限制取决于您组织的状态。它们是高级约束，通常在项目启动时定义，例如时间，预算和资源。新万博登录手机版

Changes to these constraints are rare, and the project management team has to work within them.

Technical Constraints

技术约束限制您的设计选择。它们是固定的，对技术规格的任何更改都可能影响您的项目计划。

For example, let’s say you’re constructing a pipeline. According to the design, the pipeline should withstand a certain amount of pressure; this is your technical constraint, a fixed reality.

Every project has constraints. Therefore, you must identify all of them and develop your plan accordingly. Constraints are outside of your control, imposed by clients, organizations, or government regulations.

Project Constraints Example

约束的一些例子是：

• 你必须达到第一个里程碑within one month.
• 您必须使用可用资源。新万博登录手机版
• 您只有两名现场工程师。

假设与约束

以下是假设和约束之间的一些差异：

• Assumptions are believed to be true, while constraints are true in nature.
• Assumptions are good for the project, while most of the time, constraints are not favorable to the project objective.
• 如果假设成为错误，则对该项目来说是个坏消息。但是，如果约束是错误的，则是积极的。

假设和约束在计划过程中作为项目管理计划的基础起着至关重要的作用。

任何假设都是您项目的潜在风险，因为如果任何假设不正确，您就会遇到麻烦。你的risk managementplan heavily depends on assumptions and constraints. Failing to identify any of them can affect your project.

概括

Assumptions and constraints are an important part of your project. They need to be identified, controlled, and monitored continuously.

An assumption is a condition you think to be true, and a constraint is a fixed limitation on your project. Assumptions need to be realistically analyzed, while constraints need to be clearly identified throughout the project lifecycle. Managing assumptions and constraints are necessary to complete your project with minimal obstruction.

项目假设和项目限制是PMP认证考试的观点的重要主题。您可能会看到有关此的问题。

您项目对您的项目的假设和约束又如何呢？请通过评论部分分享您的经验。