鱼骨图（因果关系，或Ishikawa图）：示例和模板

The fishbone diagram is one of theseven basic quality control tools。尽管所有这些工具都具有其重要性，但鱼骨图是不同的。

项目经理期间使用这个图质量management. The fishbone diagram has many names: the Ishikawa diagram, Fishikawa diagram, Herringbone diagram, and the cause-and-effect diagram.

InSix Sigma, you use it in the “Analyze” phase of DMAIC ( define, measure, analyze, improve, and control).

This diagram got the name Ishikawa becauseProfessor Kaoru Ishikawadeveloped it in 1960. Mr. Ishikawa was a famous expert in quality management.

This diagram looks like a fish skeleton; the head is the problem, and the spines are the causes; many experts call it a fishbone, herringbone diagram, or Fishikawa.

Fishbone Diagram

If you have a problem with your process or product, you should know the cause before thinking about a solution.

鱼骨图为您提供了解决问题根源的全面列表。

该工具为您提供更好的理解，并确保您不仅可以部分解决问题。

The fishbone diagram uses a brainstorming technique to collect causes and show them graphically. Sometimes, the most apparent factor turns out to be minor, and the one that was thought to be minor is causing the issue. This diagram allows you to think thoroughly about the root cause, which leads to a healthy and long-lasting resolution.

鱼骨图考虑了问题的所有可能原因，而不是关注明显的原因。它还分组导致识别变异的来源。

Categorization of Causes in a Fishbone Diagram

Every industry uses fishbone diagrams; however, they may have a different categorization of causes. You need to customize the category to your requirements.

A few generic categorizations for popular industries are given below.

制造业

您可以将因素（原因）分类为8 ms：

• 机器
• 方法
• 材料
• 人手
• 测量（检查）
• MILIEU（大自然 - 环境）
• Management
• 维护

丰田填充了前六个，后来又添加了两个。

Marketing Field

You can categorize these factors by the 7 Ps:

• 产品
• Price
• 地方
• Promotion
• 人们
• 定位
• Packaging

Service Industry

You can categorize these factors by the 5 Ss:

• 环境
• 供应商
• Systems
• Skills
• Safety

How to Draw a Fishbone Diagram

1. Identify the Problem
2. 识别和分类原因
3. Brainstorm Possible Causes
4. 分析图

确定问题（效果）

First, write down the problem. When the main problem is not straightforward, a short brainstorming session is often helpful.

Draw a diagram as shown. Write the problem inside a box and draw an arrow towards the box from the left side of the paper. You will see that it looks similar to the spine and head of a fish. The head of the fish is the problem.

识别和分类原因

In this step, you will identify all the main factors of the problem and categorize them. If you are having a problem with categorization, use any of the generic headings given above.

For each factor, draw a line on the fish’s spine as shown in the figure and label each. The factors added are the bones of the fish.

Brainstorm Possible Causes

对于每个类别，集思广益问题的可能原因。您可以在需要时进行子类别化。集思广益时，问自己问题，例如“为什么会发生这种情况？”注意答案。然后再次问：“为什么会发生这种情况？”

You can add these causes horizontally to the fishbone (factors) and label them. You can continue adding sub-branches until you’re satisfied. This is an important step; you should spend a considerable amount of time here. The collection of causes should be comprehensive.

This technique resembles the “5-Why” approach, which says that you can find the root cause by answering “Why?” five times.

分析图

When your fishbone diagram is complete, you can see all the possible causes of the problem.

Now, you can further investigate with your team to find the root cause and the solution.

Important Points While Developing a Fishbone Diagram

• You should have a clear understanding of the problem.
• 团队成员应经历并参与问题。
• 讨论应在项目经理下。
• 考虑每个因素的所有可能原因，并将其添加到鱼骨中。
• 如果任何骨头笨重，请尝试将其分成两个或三个分支。

Benefits of a Fishbone Diagram

• It is easy to understand and analyze.
• 它可以帮助您确定问题的根本原因。
• It helps you locate bottlenecks in the process.
• 它可以帮助您找到改进的方法。
• It involves an in-depth discussion of the problem, which informs the team.
• It prioritizes further analysis and helps you take corrective action.

鱼骨图的局限性

• A fishbone diagram does not single out the root of the problem because all causes look equally important.
• 可以浪费努力来确定对问题影响不大的原因。
• 鱼骨图是基于意见而不是证据。
• 这一过程民主选择了原因，这并不总是有效的。
• 如果讨论不受控制，则会获得不正确的结果。

The worthiness of a fishbone diagram depends on the expertise of team members. If they are not experienced, finding the root cause of the problem will be difficult.

因此，请确保参与经验丰富的专家并问许多“ Whys”。多达五个“ whys”就足够了。

Summary

A fishbone diagram is a vital tool in identifying the root cause of a problem. Although it is time-consuming, the benefits are enormous. This tool helps you remove the root cause of the problem and develop an understanding among team members. You use the fishbone diagram with a critical problem because you cannot spend time on every small issue.

Do you use fishbone diagrams in your project? What categorizations have you used, and what was your experience? Please share with us in the comments sections.